They also required food, water, and shelter much like the people who worshiped them. And the king will do according to his pleasure; and he will exalt himself and magnify himself over every god ('l), and against the God of Gods ('El 'Elm) he will speak outrageous things, and will prosper until the indignation is accomplished: for that which is decided will be done. Different from many other major pantheistic societies, such as the ancient Egyptians or the ancient Aztecs, the chief astral god of the Sumerians wasnt the sun god, but the moon god Nanna otherwise known as Sin. [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. Their civilization existed between about 4,500 BCE and 1,900 BCE. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). At sunrise ama was known to emerge from his underground sleeping chamber and take a daily path across the skies [ Image 1 ]. Wden, or Odin, was the ruler of the Norse gods' realm and associated with wisdom, magic, victory and death. Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . The patron deity of the city of Nippur was given the names father, creator, lord, the great mountain, raging storm, and king of the foreign lands.. Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. Together with An, she created a portion of the vegetation of the planet and also gave birth to Enlil and the other gods collectively known as the Annunaki. Mesopotamian moon god. The minor god Damu also had the power to drive demons away, and had many a Sumerian poem written about him. If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . The Semitic root lh (Arabic ilh, Aramaic Alh, Elh, Hebrew elah) may be l with a parasitic h, and l may be an abbreviated form of lh. The apparent plural form 'lm or 'lim "gods" occurs only four times in the Tanakh. With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. One of the four gods to whom creation was attributed, Enki was primarily the god of fresh water, and was said to have filled the Tigris and Euphrates rivers with both water and marine life. More information is needed to be certain. Heliocentric Solar System: The Sumerians were well aware that our solar system was Heliocentric.Moreover they show 11 celestial bodies or planets.The above picture taken from a Sumerian cylinder seal cleary shows that they not only knew the number of bodies in the solar system, but the relative size as well. In some cases, he was denoted as a consort of Nammu. Why Nippur was chosen is anyones guess. Youd think the king of heaven and earth and father of the gods could find a better piece of real estate. https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/amorites/, retrieved 3/11/21. cognate with Arabic Latif "hidden". [36] For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, l or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. And the deity the Hurrians and Amorites considered the father of their gods, Kumarbi/El, was at home in the mountains and connected to an underground abodethe Hurrianabiand the springs of the two deeps under or near Mount Hermon. They prayed to Anu (supreme god or sky god), Enki (god of water, knowledge, mischief, crafts, and creation), Enlil (Lord Wind), Inanna (Queen of Heaven), Utu (sun-god), and Sin (moon-god). He is often depicted in paintings as an elderly man with a long beard . [23]W. G. Lambert,Studies in Marduk.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1984, Vol. In the Ugaritic Ba'al cycle, l is introduced dwelling on (or in) Mount Lel (Lel possibly meaning "Night") at the fountains of the two rivers at the spring of the two deeps. Philo of Byblos (c. 64141 AD) was a Greek writer whose account Sanchuniathon survives in quotation by Eusebius and may contain the major surviving traces of Phoenician mythology. Numerous ancient texts describe him as both an aggressive, antagonistic god, while others have him down as a kind, friendly, and benevolent being who protected Sumerians. Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). These Israelites are described as a people inhabiting Canaan. She was referred to as the patroness of doctors, and was said to be in possession of medical equipment such as scalpels, herbal medicine, and bandages. But of this massive group, a few stand out in their significance to Sumerian religion and mythology. Its meaning is unknown, possibly simply emphasis. The following verses in which the god condemns those whom he says were previously named gods (Elohim) and sons of the Most High suggest the god here is in fact l judging the lesser gods. But we are told that l slew his own son Sadidus (a name that some commentators think might be a corruption of Shaddai, one of the epithets of the Biblical l) and that l also beheaded one of his daughters. The Sumerians were possibly the earliest society to emerge in the world, in Southern Mesopotamia more than 5000 years ago. There were many notable differences between most modern religions and Sumerian religion apart from the aforementioned polytheism. This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Despite their varied appearance to the. Such inconsistencies were also common when it came to what a god was the god of, with multiple gods being in charge of one aspect of the cosmos, and a singular deitys purview changing over the course of time. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. They recognised five planets and these were identified with the gods of the Babylonian p. It is said that Enlil himself betrothed the two divine beings. [28] Though Ugarit had a large temple dedicated to Dagon and another to Hadad, there was no temple dedicated to l. When Amorites first encountered the civilizations of Akkad and Sumer in the twenty-fourth century BC, the two most popular deities among the newcomers were the moon-god, Erah (also spelled Yarikh; called Sn in Akkad and Nanna in Sumer) and the god, under the Amorite name El. This is documented by the Amorite personal names logged in official Sumerian and Akkadian records: If we then take a look at the 43 most popular Amorite names (in this case: Amorite names occurring three times or more). I discussed the moon-god in some detail in my book on the spiritual forces behind Islam,Bad Moon Rising. [This article tackles two issues in the "proto-astronomical" conception of the planet Saturn, first attested in Mesopotamia and followed by the Greeks and Hindus: the long-standing . Here 'l might refer to a generic god, or to a highest god, l. 12th celestial body found in our solar system, ruled by Anu and spouse Antu. They developed a pretty rough reputation, especially the Tidanu tribe (about whom more later), that contributed to the collapse of the last Sumerian kingdom to rule Mesopotamia. Mason-Dixon Line This god is sometimes conflated with Chronos (time). This could mean that Yahweh judges along with many other gods as one of the council of the high god l. Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. They associated the planets with different gods in their pantheon: Jupiter with Marduk, Venus with Ishtar, Saturn with Ninurta, Mercury with Nabu, Mars with Nergal, the Sun with Shamash and the Moon with Sin. "El" (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both by the bull, and both wear bull horns on their headdresses.[29][30][31][32]. To the people of the ancient world, Enlil, like El and Kumarbi, bridged the gap between time immemorial and the present day. However, he was far from being autonomous, as his actions were almost entirely dictated by Enlil, with Enki being something of an agent of execution. So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . One of the first civilizations to grace the Earth, the Sumerians banded together and settled in ancient southern Mesopotamia (modern day south-central Iraq) around 3500 BC. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. [1]Lluis Feliu, Concerning the Etymology of Enlil: The An=Anum Approach.Aula Orientalis-Supplementa22 (2006), p. 229. Hence, the Greek Pan was the half human/goat and Osiris was the ram of Egypt; both represent "all things" and the planet Jupiter who gave life and light to the . It is unclear as to who her husband was, but it was either the god of war Ninurta or the god of plants Abu. The Saturn god symbol is a sickle to represent his role in agriculture. Essentially the supreme lord of all the gods and mortals according to Mesopotamian religion. In ancient mythology, the 8-pointed star represents the God of the heaven who was called Anu (Aunu, Aun). Jupiter, Venus, Saturn, Mercury, and Mars were the five planets known, in the order, they appear in ancient Babylonian literature; Mercury and Saturn traded places in later works. Saturn (Latin: Sturnus [satrns]) was a god in ancient Roman religion, and a character in Roman mythology.He was described as a god of time, generation, dissolution, abundance, wealth, agriculture, periodic renewal and liberation. The case of ala and ala", Bartleby: American Heritage Dictionary: Semitic Roots: l, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_(deity)&oldid=1150397638, Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible, Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia, Articles containing Ugaritic-language text, Articles containing Phoenician-language text, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles containing Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from April 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 23:37. [27] He also fathered many gods, most importantly Baal, Yam, and Mot, each sharing similar attributes to the Greco-Roman gods: Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades respectively. When Inanna visited the Netherworld, Ereshkigal had her stripped naked by the time she crossed the seven gates of hell, and proceeded to change her into a corpse. Semitic civilizations referred to the god Saturn as "El". If you are learning about the Anunnaki, two names you are going to hear a lot are Enki and Enlil. Kmr is roughly halfway between Aleppo and the Amuq Valley, right in the middle of an area that includes ancient Antioch, a city of some importance to the early Christian church; Mount Zaphon (modern Jebel al-Aqra), the mountain on which Baals palace was believed to sit; and the Amanus Mountains, the significance of which well explain as we get deeper into this book. While Nammu may have been considered to be higher up in earlier forms of the religion, Sumerian goddess Inanna was unquestionably the most important female deity in the history of ancient Mesopotamia , and one of the most revered goddesses from all ancient civilizations. The god of air, rain, storms, and even the Earth, Enlil may have created life by mating with his mother, but he later married the goddess Ninlil, with whom he birthed the gods Ninurta, Nanna, and Utu, among others. The latter descriptions are supported by a tale of how Enlil and Enki ordered the gods Labar and Ashnan to Earth in order to give cattle and grain to its inhabitants. Specific deities known as 'El, 'Al or 'Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion[9] and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia's Early Dynastic Period. An was said to be both the brother and husband of Ki, the goddess of the Earth, and was at some points considered the de facto father of all creation. [24] In Hittite texts, the expression becomes the single name Ilkunirsa, this Ilkunirsa appearing as the husband of Asherdu (Asherah) and father of 77 or 88 sons. In the episode of the "Palace of Ba'al", the god Ba'al Hadad invites the "seventy sons of Athirat" to a feast in his new palace. ), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (Vol. To the ancient Egyptians, the sun god Atum-Ra, the model ruler, reigned over the fortunate era for a time, then retired from the world. After being separated from An by the former, Ki stayed on Earth to rule over the domain. With either or each of them she birthed Damu and Ninazu, both gods of healing. As a result, he was visually depicted as a bearded man in a typical garb of the time complete with horned hat sitting down, with flowing streams and fish around him. [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. A fuller account of the sacrifice appears later: It was a custom of the ancients in great crises of danger for the rulers of a city or nation, in order to avert the common ruin, to give up the most beloved of their children for sacrifice as a ransom to the avenging daemons; and those who were thus given up were sacrificed with mystic rites. A Phoenician inscribed amulet of the seventh century BCE from Arslan Tash may refer to l. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. [6]Frank Moore Cross,Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 41. The stem l is found prominently in the earliest strata of east Semitic, northwest Semitic, and south Semitic groups. With oaths of Heaven and Ancient Earth. Unlike Enlil, however, Enki was almost always nice to humans, appearing to be wiser and more peaceful than his master. In the semitic religion, El, just like his Greek equivalent Kronos, was associated with the planet Saturn. It is interesting that Nannar the moon-god was a male, not a female goddess. He also had relationships with Damkina, and Ninsar and Ninkurra who were his daughters. We should also remember that the Akkadians sealed a political alliance with the Hurrians around this time by marrying off the daughter of Narm-Sn to theendan(king) of Urkesh. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. One of them is Utu, a sun god and god of justice. Seven celestial objects share a property borne by no other in the sky. For example, although Engur was the original personification of the Abzu, it was later declared that Enki, who was something of a stepson to him, was in charge of all water, and even later, the Abzu was deemed a deity in and of itself in the Babylonian version of events. She then proceeded to turn it into a living, breathing human with the help of seven goddesses including Ninmah, who played the role of a midwife. The Sumerians believed in many gods. Again l lay with his wives and the wives gave birth to "the gracious gods", "cleavers of the sea", "children of the sea". It is important to remember that records from that long ago are often unreliable, and that there is plenty of overlap between deities as to what they are gods or goddesses of. Eusebius, through whom the Sanchuniathon is preserved, is not interested in setting the work forth completely or in order. The god was later known as Shamash. She was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, and war. The Sumerian god Enki is more like the serpent of Genesis and Lucifer. l is called again and again Tru l ("Bull l" or "the bull god"). [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. [48], Sky and Earth have separated from one another in hostility, but Sky insists on continuing to force himself on Earth and attempts to destroy the children born of such unions. Poseidon is known to have been worshipped in Beirut, his image appearing on coins from that city. The Second Coming of Saturn Part 13: Bashan, Land of the Serpent. A rarer form, . An archaic phrase appears in Isaiah 14:13, kkkb 'l 'stars of God', referring to the circumpolar stars that never set, possibly especially to the seven stars of Ursa Major. At last, with the advice of his daughter Athena and the god Hermes Trismegistus (perhaps Thoth), l successfully attacks his father Sky with a sickle and spear of iron. Ninurta was an ancient Sumerian and Akkadian god of War. She was also a patron of Uruk, where she was later known as Ishtar in the Babylonian version of events. There was also no cult formed to worship her, and it is said that she is the same entity as the goddesses Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Nintu, among others. [49][50] l is brother to the God Bethel, to Dagon and to an unknown god, equated with the Greek Atlas and to the goddesses Aphrodite/'Ashtart, Rhea (presumably Asherah), and Dione (equated with Ba'alat Gebal). 1. His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. Osiris was the God of the Afterlife, King of Heaven and Hell, the King of Eternity, King of the Living, Master of Souls; He who appears as ram in Mendes, and the Sovereign of Amenti. Scholars used to believe that the god's name was a combination of the Sumerian words en ("lord") and ll ("air/wind" or "storm"). One of Sky's concubines (who was given to l's brother Dagon) was already pregnant by Sky. Saturn's mythological reign was depicted as a Golden Age of abundance and peace. Jesus is really the son of Ouranos, or the deity that is above and controls the dome. And to Cronus himself again he gave two wings upon his head, one representing the all-ruling mind, and one sensation. The god of heaven or the sky, he was also the patron god of the city of Uruk. Shamash, as the solar deity, exercised the power of light over darkness and evil. It appears in similar contexts in Ugaritic texts where the expression bn 'il alternates with bn 'ilm, but both must mean 'sons of l'. Nammu Nammu was the one who gave birth to the first deities An (the god of heaven) and Ki (the earth goddess) and to many more of the ancient gods. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. he judges among the gods (Elohim). According to the Sumerians these gods came from the planet Nibiru 'Planet of the Crossing.' The Assyrians and Babylonians called it 'Marduk', after their chief god. Apart from An, Enlil, Enki and Inanna, there were three other deities that make up the seven most important gods and goddesses of the Sumerian pantheon. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Yet you are man and not 'El even though you have made your heart like the heart of 'elhm ('gods').'". [In Minoan mythology, Saturn was known as the Great Goddess and Rhea was known as the Mistress of Animals. The point of this geography lesson is that it was from this general area, northwest of Sumer and Akkad, that the Amorites migrated into southern Mesopotamia, bringing with them the worship of the god,il-il(Enlil). When it comes to the well-known sun gods of early man, nothing in the mythical record seems to have unnerved the experts. [20], The name Raphael or Rapha-El, meaning 'God has healed' in Ugarit, is attested to in approximately 1350 BCE in one of the Amarna Letters EA333, found in Tell-el-Hesi from the ruler of Lachish to 'The Great One' [21]. However, Enlils days at the top of the virtual mountain were numbered when the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi transformed Babylon from a third-rate village into a political force in the eighteenth century BC. It occasionally appears with the definite article as h'l 'the god' (for example in 2 Samuel 22:31,3348). Saturn: A very ancient god, the father of many of the others. In some theological systems all of the deities were believed to be the offspring of An and his consort Ki. Over the millennia, Sumerians branched off into Akkadians and later Babylonians, with the core mythology undergoing anywhere between minute and massive changes. Enlils importance was immense as he was said to be the being that granted kingship to kings, and the force behind most of the aspects of the universe. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. 87, No. It probably means he of Kumar, a site identified with the modern village of Kmr, about twenty-five miles northwest of Aleppo. He was also known as Ningirsu and was sometimes portrayed as the god of hunting. l (rendered Elus or called by his standard Greek counterpart Cronus) is not the creator god or first god. Whether this was a long-standing belief or a relatively new one has long been the subject of inconclusive scholarly debate about the prehistory of the sources of the Tanakh and about the prehistory of Israelite religion. 4 (Dec., 1968), p. 435. The m-enclitic appears elsewhere in the Tanakh and in other Semitic languages. The Babylonians replaced the Sumerian national gods Enlil and Enki with the patron god of Babylon, Marduk, and his son, Nab though Marduk was actually taken to be the son of Enki (called Ea in Babylonian). Answer (1 of 3): From their writing the Sumerians knew a lot about the solar system. As the patron god of the city of Eridu, Enkis job was to imbue the ruler of the land with knowledge, skill, and intelligence. And all the sons of El, However, she also felt pity later on, and allowed him to join her in heaven for half a year albeit at the expense of having his sister replace him for the duration. The offspring of air deities Enlil and Ninlil, Nanna was responsible for bringing light to the dark sky, which was said to be divided into three domes over a flat Earth with each dome made of a precious substance. 268-278. The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. It was about this time that Enlil appears to have been elevated from the status of patron god of Nippur, a city located near the Euphrates about one hundred miles southeast of modern Baghdad, to head of the Mesopotamian pantheon. The group consisted of 7 gods: An, Enlil, Enki, Ki/Ninhursag, Nanna, Utu, and Inanna. For who in the skies compares to Yahweh, Whether a deity or not, she played a major role in creating the universe as well as humans and human civilization. Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. As to the rivers and the spring of the two deeps, these might refer to real streams, or to the mythological sources of the salt water ocean and the fresh water sources under the earth, or to the waters above the heavens and the waters beneath the earth. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. 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